Thyroid Cancer Types Explained: Doctor Breaks Down 5 Forms And Treatment

Thyroid cancer often carries far less fear in medical circles than it does among patients, largely because, when detected early, it is among the most treatable cancers. The thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, heart rate and body temperature. When abnormal cells develop in this gland, they can form different types of thyroid cancer, each with its own behaviour, treatment approach and prognosis.

"From a doctor's point of view, thyroid cancer is not a single disease. Its behaviour and treatment depend entirely on the type of cancer involved," explains Dr. Vaibhav Singhal, Consultant, Endocrinology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali.

According to global cancer data, thyroid cancer accounts for a relatively small proportion of cancer deaths, despite rising incidence worldwide, a trend partly attributed to improved detection methods such as ultrasound and fine-needle biopsy. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that early diagnosis significantly improves outcomes, with survival rates exceeding 90% in common types.

Understanding the five main forms of thyroid cancer can help patients move from fear to clarity, turning a diagnosis into a manageable treatment plan.

1. Papillary Thyroid Cancer: The Most Common And Treatable

Papillary thyroid cancer accounts for about 80% of all thyroid cancer cases, making it the most frequently diagnosed form. It usually grows slowly and often affects younger adults. "Papillary thyroid cancer responds very well to treatment, especially when detected early," says Dr. Singhal. "Even when it spreads to nearby lymph nodes, surgery and radioactive iodine therapy are usually very effective." According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, long-term survival rates for papillary thyroid cancer exceed 95%, especially in early-stage disease.

2. Follicular Thyroid Cancer: Treatable With Timely Care

Follicular thyroid cancer is the second most common type, accounting for roughly 10-15% of cases. Unlike papillary cancer, it is more likely to spread through the bloodstream, sometimes reaching the lungs or bones. "Despite this pattern of spread, follicular thyroid cancer remains very treatable when diagnosed early," Dr. Singhal explains. Treatment typically involves surgery followed by radioactive iodine, which helps eliminate remaining cancer cells. Clinical evidence from PubMed-indexed studies shows that early intervention significantly improves outcomes.

3. Hurthle Cell Cancer: Less Common, Needs Close Monitoring

Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare variant of follicular thyroid cancer and tends to behave more aggressively. It does not consistently absorb radioactive iodine, making treatment more complex. "Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for Hurthle cell cancer, and long-term follow-up is critical because recurrence can occur even years later," says Dr. Singhal. Because of its unpredictable nature, patients often require imaging, blood tests, and ongoing surveillance.

4. Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Genetic Links Matter

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) develops from specialized thyroid cells that produce calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium regulation. It accounts for around 3-4% of thyroid cancers. "Unlike other thyroid cancers, medullary cancer does not respond to radioactive iodine, and in some cases it runs in families," Dr. Singhal notes. "That makes genetic testing an important part of care." The WHO and National Institutes of Health highlight that early surgical removal offers the best chance for long-term disease control.

5. Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Rare But Aggressive

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is rare, accounting for less than 2% of cases, but it is the most aggressive form. "This type grows very fast and can cause sudden neck swelling, difficulty breathing, or voice changes. It needs immediate and intensive treatment," says Dr. Singhal. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Emerging targeted therapies are offering new hope in select patients.

Why Knowing The Type Is Crucial

Doctors stress that thyroid cancer outcomes depend heavily on accurate diagnosis. "Each type reacts differently to treatment. That's why imaging, biopsy and blood tests are essential before starting therapy," Dr. Singhal explains. Understanding the type can reduce anxiety and help patients actively participate in treatment decisions.

Early Symptoms Should Not Be Ignored

Most thyroid cancers present as a painless lump in the neck. Other warning signs include persistent hoarseness, difficulty swallowing or unexplained neck swelling. "If symptoms don't resolve or continue to grow, early medical evaluation can make a significant difference," Dr. Singhal advises.

Living Beyond Thyroid Cancer

From a clinical perspective, thyroid cancer has one of the best long-term outlooks among cancers. Many patients return to normal life with hormone replacement therapy and regular monitoring. "With proper treatment and follow-up, quality of life remains good for most patients," says Dr. Singhal.

Thyroid cancer may sound alarming, but understanding its five main types brings clarity and control. With early detection, tailored treatment and regular follow-up, most patients can manage the disease effectively. As doctors often reassure patients, knowledge is not just empowering, it can also be deeply reassuring.

Disclaimer: This content, including advice, provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.