The risk of hearing loss due to congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is greater when the mother-to-be is infected with the virus in the first three months of pregnancy rather than later in the pregnancy. CMV is a type of herpes virus that rarely causes symptoms in adults with healthy immune symptoms. However, CMV can cause problems when passed from a mother to a fetus during pregnancy. Congenital CMV infection is the most common viral infection affecting the fetus. Studies in the past have shown that children with congenital CMV have a higher risk of developing sensorineural hearing loss, which is hearing loss due to nerve damage. To examine the association between CMV infection occurring at different times of pregnancy and sensorineural hearing loss, researchers from Belgium studied 34 children who were diagnosed with congenital CMV infection. Of all children, 5 were lost to follow-up and 1 died. Of the 28 remaining children, sensorineural hearing loss occurred in 4 of the 5 children (80 percent) born after maternal CMV infection occurring in the first trimester and 1 of the 12 children (8 percent) born after maternal CMV infection in the second trimester. Sensorineural hearing loss did not occur in any of the children born after maternal CMV infection occurring in the third trimester. Further, progression of sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 2 children born after a maternal CMV infection of the first trimester. The vulnerability of hearing to early CMV infection in the womb may be attributed to the embryological development of the ear, which largely occurs between the 3rd and 10th week of gestation.
Journal of the American Medical Association
December 2008