Shibu Soren, the veteran tribal leader who played a key role in Jharkhand's creation and founded the JMM, leaves behind a legacy that reshaped the country's politics.
The death of 81-year-old Soren marks the end of a political era that saw tribal movement rise to national prominence.
Born on January 11, 1944, in Ramgarh district's Nemra village (then in Bihar, now in Jharkhand), Soren, who was popularly known as 'Dishom Guru' (leader of the land) and patriarch of JMM, is one of the most enduring political figures in the country's tribal and regional political landscape.
His political life was defined by continuous advocacy for the rights for tribals.
According to Soren's family, his early life was marked by personal tragedy and deep socio-economic struggles.
Soren was 15 years old when his father, Shobaran Soren, was allegedly killed by moneylenders in Lukaiyatand forest, some 16 km from Gola block headquarters on November 27, 1957. This left a deep impact on him and became a catalyst for his future political activism.
In 1973, Soren co-founded the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) along with Bengali Marxist trade unionist AK Roy and Kurmi-Mahto leader Binod Bihari Mahto during a public meeting at Golf Ground Dhanbad.
The JMM soon became the primary political voice for the demand for a separate tribal state and got support across the Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana regions.
Soren's grassroots mobilisation against feudal exploitation is said to have shaped him into a tribal icon.
After decades of agitation, steered by him and others, the demand for a separate state was finally fulfilled with the formation of Jharkhand on November 15, 2000.
Soren's influence was not confined to state politics.
He was elected several times to the Lower House from Dumka – the eighth time between May 2014-2019 as member of the 16th Lok Sabha. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in June 2020.
As a key figure in the UPA government, he served as Union Coal Minister from May 23 to July 24, 2004; November 27, 2004 to March 2, 2005; and January 29 to November 2006.
However, his ministerial stints at the Centre were overshadowed by serious legal challenges.
In July 2004, an arrest warrant was issued against him in connection with the 1975 Chirudih massacre case, in which he was named the main accused in the killing of 11 people.
He went underground briefly before being arrested.
After spending time in judicial custody, he was granted bail in September 2004 and re-inducted into the Union Cabinet in November.
Later, a court in March 2008 absolved him of all charges.
His legal woes didn't end there.
On November 28, 2006, Soren, along with others, was convicted in the sensational 1994 kidnapping and murder case of his former personal secretary, Shashinath Jha.
The CBI alleged that Jha was murdered in Ranchi because he possessed knowledge about a political payoff deal between the Congress and JMM during a no-confidence motion against the Narasimha Rao government in 1993.
The case drew nationwide attention, though Soren later successfully appealed the conviction.
The Supreme Court in April 2018 upheld Soren's acquittal in the case.
Despite these controversies, Soren remained a towering figure in Jharkhand's political sphere.
He served as Chief Minister of Jharkhand three times — in March 2005 (for just 10 days from March 2 to March 11), August 27, 2008 to January 12, 2009, and from December 30, 2009 to May 31, 2010.
Each term was short-lived due to the fragile nature of coalition politics in the state.
In June 2007, Soren survived an assassination attempt when bombs were hurled at his convoy near Dumaria village in Deoghar district while he was being escorted to jail in Dumka, after appearing in a court in Giridih, underlining the high stakes and volatile environment surrounding his political life.
Yet, his political dominance in Jharkhand politics endured, both through his personal appeal and through his party, which he continues to lead as founding patron.
Soren served as the JMM's chief for 38 years until April 2025, when he was made the party's founding patron. His son, Hemant Soren, who had served as executive president, was elected JMM president.
The party is currently a member of the opposition INDIA bloc at the national level.
Shibu Soren's personal life has also been closely tied to his political narrative.
He is survived by wife Roopi Soren, three sons and daughter Anjani, who is the party's Odisha unit head.
His elder son Durga Soren died in May 2009.
The other son Hemant Soren, has carried forward the family's political legacy and currently serves as the Chief Minister of Jharkhand, having held the position across multiple terms.
His youngest son Basant Soren is a legislator.
For many in Jharkhand, Shibu Soren remains a symbol of their long-fought struggle for identity and self-rule—a legacy that continues through the next generation.
