As the national capital battles "severe" air pollution for the second straight day, mounting scientific evidence is drawing attention to the silent damage toxic air is inflicting on children's developing brains.
Air pollution in the national capital was recorded in the "severe" category on Wednesday morning for the second consecutive day.
Research increasingly shows that exposure to fine particulate matter, or PM2.5, microscopic pollutants small enough to enter the bloodstream, can impair brain development, affect learning, and even raise the risk of neurological disorders in children.
Pollution's Hidden Cost: Lower Learning And Cognitive Scores
A recent study by the Institute of Economic Growth (IEG) has found that even small increases in air pollution levels can have measurable impacts on children's academic performance. Using satellite data combined with the Indian Human Development Survey, researchers tracked the effects of pollution exposure on children aged 8 to 11.
Their findings were stark: each 1 ug/m3 rise in average PM2.5 concentration over a year corresponded to a 10-16 per cent drop in math performance, 7-9 per cent fall in reading scores, and a 5 per cent higher likelihood of repeating a grade. The study also reported declines in overall cognitive scores, warning that focusing only on visible health outcomes like respiratory disease "understates the magnitude of pollution's negative impact."
Air Pollution And Autism: A Growing Concern
Adding to the evidence, a new meta-analysis published in 'Science Direct' has linked maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy with a modest but measurable rise in autism risk among children.
The review which analyzed 25 international studies found that every increase in PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy raised the odds of autism by about six percent. The researchers found stronger evidence for PM2.5 exposure, weaker links for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and little evidence for PM10 and ozone.
While pollution alone is unlikely to cause autism, scientists say it can interact with genetic and prenatal factors, increasing vulnerability. The findings underscore the need for cleaner air, particularly for expectant mothers and young children.
Parents In Delhi Fear For Children's Health
For many Delhi parents, the science behind pollution's toll on the brain is no longer abstract, it's personal.
Simran Juneja, a 35-year-old marketing professional in South Delhi, says she has confined her one-and-a-half-year-old daughter indoors for weeks. "I feel awful keeping my daughter bound to the house when she should be playing outside," she says.
Despite living in a relatively green area, and air purifiers running round-the-clock indoors, Juneja says her child now gets only limited outdoor exposure. "We used to take her to the park every day, but now the balcony is the furthest we let her go."
Juneja admits she has even considered leaving Delhi. "I've thought about moving out of the city but our jobs, our lives, our social circles are here," she says. "I don't want my child to grow up in a restricted environment-but what choice do we have?"
Her frustration extends to what she sees as government inaction. "The government doesn't care," she says bluntly. "Initiatives like cloud seeding are just for show-to say they're doing something better than the Kejriwal government. Vehicular pollution, the main source of this crisis, isn't even being discussed. I have no hopes from them."
For now, the family is waiting for the air to clear before resuming simple pleasures like picnics in Sunder Nursery or Lodhi Garden.
Another concerned parent, Shreyas Sharma, a resident of Kalkaji and father of a three-and-a-half-year-old, shares similar concerns. "After Diwali, we left for a hill station because the city had turned into a gas chamber," Sharma says. "Since then, we've stopped our daughter's outdoor playtime. My wife and I make sure to be home in the evenings so we can keep her engaged indoors."
Sharma says his daughter's preschool in Greater Kailash offered the option of online classes, but the couple chose not to isolate her completely. "She would go restless staying indoors all day," he says. "We've taught her to wear a mask during her commute, and fortunately, the school maintains fully air-purified classrooms."
Frustrated with what he calls government inaction, Sharma questions the lack of accountability. "I recently saw the Delhi environment minister say it isn't his responsibility to invoke GRAP measures," he says. "If not his, then whose? Do these politicians not care about their own children breathing this same air?"
Despite the health risks, moving away from Delhi isn't an option for his family either. "We've lived here all our lives-our parents are here too," he says. "The air wasn't like this even seven years ago," he adds expressing his disappointment to what the city has become."
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Doctors Warn Of Irreversible Damage
Neurologists say the effects of PM2.5 go far beyond shortness of breath or sore throats. Dr Rahul Chawla, Consultant Neurologist at the Institute of Bone and Spine, explains that fine particulate matter can travel from the lungs to the brain, where it triggers inflammation, weakens the blood-brain barrier, and disrupts nerve connections.
"Over time, this slows brain growth, weakens memory and attention, and affects learning and emotional development," he says. "In children, whose brains are still developing, the consequences can be long-lasting."
Citing multiple studies, Dr Chawla noted that high PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and early infancy has been linked to a higher risk of autism spectrum disorder. "Pollution may not directly cause autism, but it can make a vulnerable brain more likely to develop it," he said. In cities like Delhi, where PM2.5 levels stay high year-round, this modest risk becomes a significant public health issue.
Dr Chawla adds that both short- and long-term exposure to polluted air can make children appear tired, distracted, or less attentive in class by reducing oxygen supply to the brain. He advises parents to limit outdoor exposure during high-pollution days, keep windows closed except during the afternoon, and use HEPA air purifiers indoors. "Children above six should wear N95 masks outdoors," he says. "If possible, families should consider letting kids stay temporarily in cleaner areas during smog peaks."
A Call For Urgent Action
With Delhi's air quality once again in the "severe" zone and new studies linking pollution to developmental and neurological harm, experts say the crisis has outgrown environmental boundaries. It is a public health emergency, one that threatens the minds and futures of India's youngest citizens.
As scientists, doctors, and parents sound the alarm, the question remains: how long before the fight for cleaner air becomes a national priority-not just for lungs, but for the brains that represent India's future?
Disclaimer: This content, including advice, provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.
