Women experience urinary tract infections (UTIs) more frequently than men due to a combination of anatomical, biological, and behavioural factors
1. Shorter urethra: The female urethra is significantly shorter (about 3-4 cm) than the male urethra, which means bacteria have a much shorter distance to travel to reach the bladder
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2. Proximity to the anus: In female anatomy, the urethral opening is closer to the anus. This increases the likelihood of fecal bacteria transferring to the urethra
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3. Sexual activity: Intercourse can mechanically introduce bacteria into the urethra. Increased frequency of sexual activity correlates with higher UTI risk
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4. Hormonal influences: Estrogen plays a protective role by maintaining vaginal flora. After menopause, estrogen levels drop, disrupting balance and making it easier for bacteria to colonise
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5. Use of certain contraceptives: Diaphragms and spermicides can alter vaginal pH and microbiota, promoting bacterial growth and increasing UTI risk
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6. Pregnancy-related changes: During pregnancy, hormonal shifts and pressure from the uterus can slow urine flow, leading to urinary stasis
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7. Hygiene and behavioural factors: Delaying urination, inadequate hydration, or not urinating after sex can increase bacterial persistence in the urinary tract