'I Do What I Do': A Look Back At Raghuram Rajan's Term As RBI Governor

Mumbai: As Mint Street readies for the new Reserve Bank of India governor Urjit Patel, Raghuram Rajan's three-year tenure marked with numerous controversies ended on September 4.

He rocked too many boats while heading the Reserve Bank of India - earning ad hominem attacks and open criticism by those wanting him to be faster with rate cuts and much slower on cleaning the balance sheets of banks.

But those showering him with bouquets were numerous too, giving him titles like 'Rockstar Rajan' and 'Bond of Mint Street', which he himself appeared to acknowledge by once remarking "my name is Rajan and I do what I do".

Outspoken as he has been with his views, 53-year-old Mr Rajan went on to make public that he was willing to stay longer but an "agreement" could not be reached with the government in this regard.

Mr Rajan, who is credited with predicting the global economic crisis of 2008 and has decided to return to academia, said he would be back with his public speeches in India after a break, while making a strong pitch for retaining the RBI's autonomy and allowing it to say "no" to the government whenever required.

While he is expected to resume his job as Professor of Finance at Chicago University, from where he has been on leave, those in the know say he may also take up some other assignments in due course, including in academics.

Earlier, he also served as Chief Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

He wanted to study bachelor of economics at Delhi's St Stephens College, where incidentally he gave his last public speech as RBI governor, but "succumbed to the sunk cost fallacy" and studied electrical engineering at IIT Delhi, where one of his lectures later as the central banker created a ruckus due to his comments on tolerance.

The three years at the RBI have mostly been a string of success stories for the marathoner, gaining common man's adulation even as the free-thinker in him made a few foes who matter more in the corridors of power.

One of the most salient features of his reign has been a stable rupee, which was the biggest challenge when he took over on September 4, 2013.

Not only has Mr Rajan brought the bleeding rupee back to strength, he also battered down the inflation fangs to 6 per cent from double-digit levels, leading to a cheer in fixed income markets with falling yields.

He can also pat his back for embarking on the cleaning of the Augean stables that the banking sector has become by making them sort out their evergreened balance sheets. His candid outspokenness has earned him fans across the social strata, a feat only a few governors could muster.

It was, however, not a uniform story and while navigating the much-abused "system", Mr Rajan did ruffle a few feathers, which may have prevented him from getting an extension though he was open for one.

Chief among those was nominated BJP lawmaker Subramanian Swamy, who questioned even Mr Rajan's patriotism.

During his three years, Mr Rajan has made classic use of public speeches to drive different concerns going beyond conventional monetary economics, cementing his position as one of the foremost public intellectuals in recent times.

Such stance, however, gave rise to detractors, especially in the ruling regime, which ultimately prevailed in ensuring that he returns earlier to the "realm of ideas" at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business.

Experts say his biggest legacy would be steering the economy out of what seemed like a neverending crisis - with a bleeding rupee, unsustainably high current account deficit and precarious external position -- and then creating a framework through cleaning banks' books, market liberalisation and putting bank licensing on-tap, which will all go a long way to make a conducive environment for the next wave of growth.

Under Mr Rajan, the RBI undertook an asset quality review of banks by issuing blanket orders to classify loans to certain accounts as non-performing assets. The provisions led to record losses by lenders and Mr Rajan set them a deadline of March 2017 to get done with the clean-up.

The gross non-performing assets (NPAs) ratio has shot up to 7.6 per cent from 4.2 per cent in September 2013, while the overall stressed assets are estimated to be over 14.5 per cent, almost double the level when he took over.

Even in the face of mounting pressure, the RBI refused to extend any special dispensation and also stopped the debt restructuring practice in April 2016. Rather, Mr Rajan gave banks more tools to resolve the stress through schemes like strategic debt restructuring.

Apart from the clean-up, Mr Rajan said he would have liked to be around till the Monetary Policy Committee driven rate setting is in place.

Under Mr Rajan, the RBI reached a historic agreement with the government to become an inflation-targeting central bank under which the monetary policy panel has been envisaged to make interest rate setting a collective call, rather than being driven by the governor.

This makes him the last governor to have the privilege of setting the monetary policy on his own.

The headline inflation cooled to a tad over 6 per cent in July from the 10.5 per cent when he took over. The RBI is now contracted to get it down further to 4 per cent in the medium term with a two percentage points leeway on either side.

Even in the absence of an inflation-targeting mandate, Mr Rajan hiked rates thrice to communicate the RBI's intentions firmly, before shifting to rate cuts once the central bank was confident of the trajectory, in January 2015.

The shift to accommodative stance has seen cumulative cuts of 1.50 per cent. Despite this and coupled with many moves on the liquidity front, where the RBI has explicitly stated its aim to get the deficit to zero, banks are yet to pass the full benefit to borrowers and have faced the RBI governor's ire.

A believer in competition, Mr Rajan introduced a series of reforms on the bond market, and also on new bank licensing, which saw introduction of two new universal banks and making the process on-tap.

Under Mr Rajan, the RBI also introduced the era of differentiated banking. Eight payments banks and 10 small finance banks are expected to start operations soon.

Within the RBI, Mr Rajan's tenure will be remembered for greater vigour, clarity of thoughts and lucid communication, which saw many outside experts being drawn in for specialised jobs. Mr Rajan may also be the rare RBI governor who enjoyed support from employee unions.

However, there were a few fronts on which he could not succeed, like creating a new post of chief operating officer for the central bank.

Early in his tenure, senior-most deputy governor K C Chakrabarty quit before the end of his second term, giving rise to a lot of speculation.

Mr Rajan plans to take a holiday before joining back work at Chicago soon. He wants to catch up with developments in a world that has changed a lot since he left nearly five years ago and then analyse what to expect for the future.

While working on development of banking space and other monetary reforms, Mr Rajan never shied away from commenting on political and social issues, which earned him a lot of criticism. However, he defended his utterances saying every public figure including RBI governor must share their views as they also act as role models for the youth.

With regard to non-performing assets (NPAs), Mr Rajan prescribed "deep surgery" for the clean-up that would require an "anaesthetic" in the form of recognising bad loans on their books.

Mr Rajan also went public with a critique of the new GDP calculation method, which overnight made the country the fastest growing major economy in the world with 7.6 per cent growth as against the low 5 per cent when the NDA government took over.

"There are problems with the way we count GDP which is why we need to be careful sometimes just talking about growth," Mr Rajan told the students of the RBI-promoted Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research this January.