Don't Expose Infants Younger Than 1-Year-Old To Electronic Devices: WHO

Ninety-five percent of families with children under the age of 8 have smartphones.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) issued strict new guidelines Wednesday on one of the most anxiety-producing issues of 21st Century family life: How much should parents resort to videos and online games to entertain, educate or simply distract their young children?

The answer, according to WHO, is never for children in their first year of life and rarely in their second. Those aged 2 to 4, the international health agency said, should spend no more than an hour a day in front of a screen.

The WHO drew on emerging - but as yet unsettled - science about the risks screens pose to the development of young minds at a time when surveys show children are spending increasing amounts of time watching smartphones and other mobile devices. Ninety-five percent of families with children under the age of 8 have smartphones, according to the nonprofit Common Sense Media, and 42 percent of children under 8 have access to their own tablet device.

Experts in child development say that the acquisition of language and social skills, typically by interacting with parents and others, are among the most important cognitive tasks of childhood.

"Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning of people's lives," WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in a statement. "Early childhood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle patterns can be adapted to boost health gains."

But the guidelines, like those of other public health groups that have weighed such issues in recent years, also seek to provide clear rules for the messy realities of parenting, when a fussy baby may be soothed most easily by a video of a nursery rhyme, or a grandmother three states away may be able to engage with a toddler only over Skype.

This disjuncture means that strict rules sometimes generate more guilt than useful corrections in parenting decisions, said pediatricians and researchers who have studied the issue.

"It induces a real conflict," said University of Michigan pediatrician Jenny Radesky, author of screen-time guidelines for the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2016. "The more guidelines we give, it just seems like there's going to be more of a mismatch between what experts say. . . and what it feels like to be a parent in the real world every day."

Radesky also said that Silicon Valley, which over the past year has introduced a number of tools to help parents limit children's screen time, could go farther by improving those tools and also designing services in ways less likely to encourage heavy use by children. Features that discourage breaks, such as YouTube's default "auto-play" feature, are a frequent source of complaint among consumer advocates who say technology companies are encouraging compulsive behavior by children who lack adult self-control. (YouTube long has said that its service is not intended for those under 13, though surveys show it is popular among younger children.)

Wednesday's announcement by the WHO, the public health agency of the United Nations, gave international heft to the burgeoning push for limiting the amount of time children spend in front of screens at a time when access to mobile devices is growing sharply worldwide.

Smartphones, first popularized with Apple's introduction of the iPhone in 2007, were once mainly found in affluent countries such as the United States. But their numbers now are measured in the billions and, along with other mobile devices, are the main portal to the Internet for much of the world.

YouTube alone has a global audience exceeding 2 billion people, fueling calls among consumer advocates for measures to curb the exposure of children as scientists continue to study the impact of screens on brain development.

"It's extraordinarily important that someone with the authority and reach of the WHO is saying this," said Josh Golin of the Campaign for a Commercial Free-Childhood, an advocacy group based in Boston. Screen time, he noted, is "not essential to learning, and it's not effective at teaching."

The WHO's rules track loosely with those of other public health groups in the United States and elsewhere, which typically have urged limited screen time and copious personal interaction and sleep for preschoolers. The American Academy of Pediatrics' guidelines make an exception to allow video chatting for children under 18 months and suggest that those closer to 2 might benefit from occasional viewing of educational videos. But overall, the group said parents should "prioritize creative, unplugged play time for infants and toddlers."

While there is widespread agreement among scientists and physicians about the risks of excessive screen time for children, many also lament the limitations of the studies that exist. Long-term consequences can be hard to measure, and ethical concerns prevent experiments in which, for example, one group of infants watches two hours of videos a day while a second group plays outside or chats with parents.

There also is debate over whether all screen time is created equal. Is a video of other children unboxing toys better or worse than a FaceTime chat with a traveling parent? Are interactive games better than just passively watching shows?

Research on older kids has associated screen time with behavioral and development issues. But research on babies and toddlers is more inconclusive. One study published in JAMA Pediatrics in January found that screen time could delay toddlers' language and sociability skills. Another study published this month in Pediatrics even found that parents interacted with, and spoke to, their toddlers more when reading print books than when they read their kids electronic books.

Scientific consensus is beginning to emerge from such research and from the observed experiences of psychologists, pediatricians and parents. The WHO guidelines, and those from other groups, reflect this.

"The absolute priority for very young children has to be on face-to-face interactions, physical exercise and sleep," said Jean Twenge, a psychologist and author of "iGen," a 2017 book focusing on the effects of social media and other technology on kids. "I think the temptation to hand young children a phone or a tablet any time they fuss is misguided. Children need to learn how to self-soothe and manage their emotions. And if they're frequently handed these devices, they don't learn these things."

Sen. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.) and a bipartisan group of lawmakers have proposed legislation calling for the National Institutes of Health to conduct a $40 million, multiyear study of the effect of technology, screen time and online media on infants and older children.

"It's important to make sure kids aren't spending too much time in front of screens, but we need a comprehensive national discussion about how to ensure children and teens' health and wellness as their technology use increases," Markey said in a statement Wednesday after the release of the WHO guidelines.

Stephen Balkam, founder and chief executive of the Family Online Safety Institute, whose members include such technology industry players as Google, Facebook and Amazon, said there's an important difference between "screen time" and "screen use."

"What we don't want is to set up a situation where parents feel shamed by the fact that they do use tablets and so on when they're cooking, or something like that," Balkam said. "It's about trying to find a balance."

Concerns about screen time begin well before children start reaching for their parents' iPads and smartphones, said Emily Oster, a professor of economics at Brown University and the author of "Cribsheet: a Data-Driven Guide to Better, More Relaxed Parenting." But there isn't enough compelling evidence, Oster said, that track the effect of screen time beyond television. Kids who grew up around iPads, for example, aren't old enough for researchers to measure their educational or developmental growth.

"I think people need to look at this and think about the fact that these guidelines are not based on some underlying, well-rehearsed truth and use their judgment to decide what's going to work," Oster said. "These ideas that kids are going to be physically active and get enough sleep - that's a good idea, but it's not all about screens."