Some residents who have volunteered to train
with the opposition. (NYT)
Colonel Moammar el-Gaddafi's forces appeared to make little headway in a concerted assault on rebels in several cities around the country and in a sustained attack early Tuesday morning in the western city of Zawiyah.
With escalating hostilities bringing Libya closer to civil war, rebels appeared to hold the city after a night of fighting, fending off tanks and artillery vehicles, special forces and regular army troops, and, rebels said, fighter jets.
Rebel leaders in Libya said the latest attacks by Colonel Gaddafi's supporters smacked of desperation, and the ease with which the assault Zawiyah, a city with important oil resources just 30 miles from the capital, was repelled raised questions about the ability of the government to muster a serious challenge to the rebels' growing power.
At the same time, Colonel Gaddafi faced a growing international campaign to force him from power, as the Obama administration announced it had seized $30 billion in Libyan assets and the European Union adopted an arms embargo and other sanctions.
As the Pentagon began repositioning Navy warships to support a possible humanitarian or military intervention, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton bluntly told the Libyan leader on Monday to surrender power "now, without further violence or delay."
The attacks by the colonel's troops on an oil refinery in central Libya and on cities on either side of the country unsettled rebel leaders - who have maintained that they are close to liberating the country - and showed that despite defections by the military, the government may still possess powerful assets, including fighter pilots willing to bomb Libyan cities.
But as Western powers debate the possible imposition of a so-called no-fly zone - similar to those enforced in Iraq during the rule of Saddam Hussein - Russia ruled out the idea on Tuesday, The Associated Press reported from Geneva, quoting Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov as saying the proposal was "superfluous."
In an interview on Monday with ABC News, Colonel Gaddafi said he was fighting against "terrorists," and he accused the West of seeking to "occupy Libya." He gave no hint of surrender. "My people love me," he said. "They would die for me."
Those unyielding words, and the colonel's military attacks were met with both nerves and defiance by rebel military leaders as the two sides seemed to steel themselves for a long battle along shifting and ever more violent front lines.
The antigovernment protesters, who started their uprising with peaceful sit-ins but have increasingly turned to arms to counter Colonel Gaddafi's brutal paramilitary forces, have promised a large military response that has yet to come. At the same time, government forces have been unable to reverse the costly loss of territory to a popular revolt that has brought together lawyers, young people and tribal leaders.
Across the region, the tumult that has already toppled two leaders and threatened one autocrat after another continued unabated on Monday. In Yemen, protests drove President Ali Abdullah Saleh to make a bid for a unity government, but the political opposition quickly refused and protesters returned to the streets on Tuesday.
An opposition leader, Mohamed al-Sabry, said in a statement that the president's proposal was a "desperate attempt" to counter Tuesday's protests.
The enduring impact of the region's turmoil was evident in Cairo, where Egypt postponed the reopening of its stock exchange again on Tuesday until Sunday. The exchange has been closed for over a month, after antigovernment protests in late January shook investor confidence and drove the value of the country's benchmark index down 17% in two trading days.
In Bahrain on Tuesday, protesters marched down King Faisal Highway in the capital, Manama. In Oman, whose first major protests were reported over the weekend, demonstrations continued on Tuesday, a day after violent clashes with the security forces in the port city of Sohar, and the unrest spread for the first time to the capital, Muscat.
Libya itself seemed to be brewing a major humanitarian crisis as tens of thousands of mostly impoverished contract workers tried desperately to flee to its neighbors, Tunisia to the west and Egypt to the east. The United Nations refugee agency called the situation a humanitarian emergency as workers hauling suitcases stood in long lines to leave Libya, many of them uncertain how they would finally get home.
The country they left behind faced similar uncertainty, as warplanes took to the sky for the first time in 10 days, according to military officials allied with the rebels. In a direct challenge to claims by those officials, who have asserted that Libyan Air Force pilots were no longer taking orders from Colonel Gaddafi, two Libyan Air Force jets conducted bombing raids on Monday, according to witnesses and two military officers in Benghazi allied with the antigovernment protesters.
Col. Hamed Bilkhair said that the jets, two MIG-23s that took off from an air base near Colonel Gaddafi's hometown in the city of Surt, struck three targets, but were deterred by rebel antiaircraft fire from striking a fourth at an air base in Benghazi. The jets - a bomber and an escort plane - attacked three other locations, south of Benghazi, and on the outskirts of the eastern city of Ajdabiya.
Colonel Bilkhair said that a weapons depot was struck, but that the other strikes - including one on a water pipeline - were "ineffective." It was not immediately clear whether there were any casualties, and the airstrikes could not be independently verified.
The colonel said that government special forces took control of the oil refinery at Ras Lanuf on Monday, though he and other rebel leaders played down the significance of the assault, saying the refinery was only lightly guarded. "It was only briefly occupied," by the rebels, Colonel Bilkhair said. "They occupied it for four days, and they had no weapons."
The colonel, speaking in an interview on Monday evening, said government troops were in the midst of shelling Misurata, a breakaway city 130 miles east of the capital.
In Zawiyah, residents said they rebuffed a series of attacks on Monday and into Tuesday morning, suffering no casualties but killing about 10 soldiers and capturing about a dozen others. A government spokesman confirmed the death toll.
"It is perfect news," said A K Nasrat, 51, an engineer who is among the rebels, before adding, "There is no way they are going to take this city out of our hands unless we all die first."
The first attack took place shortly after midnight, when some pro-Gaddafi soldiers in pickup trucks tried to pass through the city's eastern gate, Mr. Nasrat said. But they were spotted by rebel sentries who defeated them with help from army and police defectors defending the town. Four soldiers were killed and several captured, with some of the captives readily surrendering their arms and switching sides, he said
Then, in the early evening, several witnesses said, the Gaddafi forces - believed to be led by his son Khamis's private militia - attacked from both the east and the west. Three pickup trucks tried to enter the narrow city gates from the west, but a rebel-held artillery unit struck one, blowing it up and overturning a second truck, Mr. Nasrat said. Six more pickup trucks tried to breach the eastern gate, he said, but after an exchange of fire the rebels captured two of the trucks and several of the soldiers.
"So about 12 or 14 soldiers were hostages," he said, "and 8 of them turned over their arms and joined the people. They are on our side now."
For days, military leaders in Benghazi have said they are preparing to assemble a force of thousands to conduct a final assault on Tripoli; some of the officials have even promised to send planes to bomb Colonel Gaddafi's fortified compound, Bab al-Aziziya.
But there are few signs that a plan has materialized, though military leaders maintain they are simply waiting for the right time. A fighter pilot sympathetic to the antigovernment protesters, Mohammed Miftah Dinali, expressed some frustration that he had not yet been called on to aid the rebel effort.
"My friends and I are willing to go and do an airstrike on Gaddafi's compound," he said. "I cannot just sit and watch this happen."
Inside Tripoli on Monday, hundreds of protesters joined a demonstration in the working class suburb of Tajoura after a funeral for a neighbor killed by security forces during clashes over the weekend. But a heavy contingent of security forces guarding the neighborhood fired into the air and, some witnesses said, filled the streets with tear gas to disperse the crowd without new fatalities.
Tajoura has become the site of a daily back and forth, as protesters fill the walls each night with graffiti denouncing Col. Gaddafi and government paint crews swing by each day to try to cover it up. Almost every storefront and wall in the neighborhood bore a splotch of brown or red paint covering anti-Gaddafi graffiti. Protesters gathered around a small store at twilight said their newest chant was: "Gaddafi, Gaddafi, patience, patience, we will dig your grave."
The half dozen protesters filled in more details of what they called a massacre over the last week. Security forces, they said, had repeatedly driven through the neighborhood shooting at crowds or even buildings, usually from double-cabin pick-up trucks but occasionally from the back of ambulances. They said one resident, Fatama Ragebi, had been killed by a stray bullet that entered her home and had been buried on Saturday.
They repeated reports that security forces had not only fired into crowds but then scooped up the dead and wounded, sometimes even removing them from local hospitals.
But residents had mixed views about what might come next. Some said they were awaiting help in the form of weapons from bastions of the rebellion outside of Tripoli, like Benghazi to the east. Others vowed that the "the people are going to free themselves by themselves." Still others said their destiny was in the hands of God. A man in his 30s who identified himself only as Hisham said the killings had scared more than half of the crowd who turned out last Friday into staying inside since then.
"We need time to organize again," he said.