US Identifies Citizens who have Joined ISIS in Syria

Washington: US intelligence and law enforcement agencies have identified nearly a dozen Americans who have traveled to Syria to fight for the Islamic State, the militant group that the Obama administration says poses the greatest threat to the United States since al-Qaida before the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.

As Islamic State has seized large expanses of territory in recent months, it has drawn more foreign men to Syria, requiring more U.S. and European law enforcement resources in the attempt to stop the flow of fighters, senior U.S. officials said. And as a result of the increasing numbers of men, Islamic State is recruiting foreign women as jihadi wives.

Islamic State has become more attractive to would-be militants because, unlike al-Qaida, it has seized territory that it rules by strict Islamic law. "ISIS is able to hold itself up as the true jihad," a senior U.S. official said, using the acronym for another name for Islamic State. "They're saying: 'Look at what we are doing, what we're accomplishing. We're the new face. We're not just talking about it. We're doing it.'"

Islamic State's attraction to some is based on its reputation for brutality. On Thursday, that reputation grew worse when it was revealed that it had waterboarded four hostages early in their captivity - including American journalist James Foley, who was beheaded this month.

Overall, U.S. intelligence officials said the number of Americans who had joined rebel groups in Syria - not just Islamic State - had nearly doubled since January. The officials now believe that more than 100 Americans have fought alongside groups there since the civil war began three years ago.

Far more Europeans have joined the fight against President Bashar Assad - more than 1,000, according to many estimates. The British government has identified about 500 of its citizens who have gone to Syria, according to a senior British official. About half have returned to Britain, and a small number have died on the battlefield, the official said.

Senior U.S. officials acknowledge that as the conflict in Syria and Iraq drags on, it is becoming more difficult to track Americans who have traveled there. In many instances, U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies are learning that Americans are there only long after they have arrived. In the latest example of how difficult it is for the United States to track its citizens, the FBI on Thursday was attempting to verify reports that two more Americans had been killed fighting for Islamic State in Syria.

Since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011, at least four Americans have died fighting for rebel groups - including Douglas McAuthur McCain, 33, a Minnesota man who was fighting for Islamic State when he was killed last weekend by a rival group backed by the United States.

Another challenge that the intelligence and law enforcement authorities say they face is that unlike the situation in previous conflicts, the Americans who have traveled to Syria to fight have little in common. The conflict has attracted both men and women, including some who were raised as Muslims and others who converted from Christianity, and they have come from different parts of the United States.

One trend the authorities have detected in recent months is that the American recruits have grown younger. They are now mostly in their late teens or early 20s, the officials said.

The territorial gains by Islamic State, and its attempt to govern towns and cities in eastern Syria and western Iraq, have forced it to recruit foreigners not just for the battlefield. The group has tried to lure doctors, oil field workers and engineers to live in, and run, the caliphate it claims to have established, according to the officials.

U.S. officials say their concerns about the recruitment and training of Americans are based on intelligence gathered from travel records, family members, intercepted electronic communications, social media postings and surveillance of Americans overseas who have expressed interest in going to Syria.

The FBI's psychological analysts at Quantico, Virginia, armed with court-approved powers, are increasingly monitoring the activities of Americans who have expressed extremist views in jihadist chat rooms and on websites. It is an effort to chart their radicalization, officials said.

But Islamic State and other violent Islamist groups operating in Syria have not been deterred by the American efforts. In Minneapolis, for example, Abdirizak Bihi, director of the Somali Education and Social Advocacy Center, said that young Somali women were being recruited by violent Islamist groups to support Syrian militants.

Bihi said in an interview that despite efforts to combat the recruiting, multiple Somali families in the city have "lost their girls to Syria."

"We are frustrated because nobody's helping us," he said. "We're losing everything we have."

The Islamic State-led fighters that swept into Mosul, Iraq, in June and advanced south to within 60 miles of Baghdad, the capital, have built considerable momentum in recruitment.

"There's certainly been a PR boon for them," said Matthew Levitt, director of the Stein Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

New attention was focused on Islamic State on Thursday when The Washington Post reported that the group had waterboarded at least four of its Western hostages. The hostages were tortured in other ways as well, U.S. officials said, but the waterboarding disclosure was considered significant because the practice was used during the George W. Bush administration on detainees held in the fight against terrorism.

Some senior U.S. officials warned that Americans might face the same treatment if they were captured abroad.